Центральная Научная Библиотека УрО РАН

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   Б 44

    Беляев, А. А.
    Селективность обращеннофазовой ВЭЖХ при разделении изомеров положения NО-группы нитрозопроизводного метилового эфира N-[(2-хлорэтил)карбамоил]глицил-L-лейцина [] : доклад, тезисы доклада / А. А. Беляев, Н. В. Никифорова // V Всесоюзный симпозиум по молекулярной жидкостной хроматографии, Юрмала, 20-22 нояб. 1990 г. : тез. докл. - Рига, 1990

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ

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   S 43


    Secondary structure of the M2 protein of type-A influenza-virus and its role in rimantadine and deytiforine resistanse [Text] / O. I. Kiselev, V. P. Mishin, V. I. Eroshkin, K. N. Kizeletskaya, E. V. Usova, V. I. Rudenko, O. N. Chupakhin // Molecular Biology. - 1994. - Vol. 28, N 5. - P650-653

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: Studies on the molecular aspects of resistance of influenza virus A to drugs (rimantadine, deytiforine, amantadine) allow purposeful design of new compounds having a broad spectrum of antiviral activity and evoking no resistance

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   С 38


    Синтез изотопмеченых триазоло[1,5-a]пиримидинов и триазоло-[5.1-c][1,2,4]триазинов [] / О. Н. Чупахин, Е. Н. Уломский, С. Л. Деев, В. В. Воронин, М. И. Кодесс, В. Л. Русинов // Достижения в органическом синтезе : сб. ст. - Екатеринбург : УрО РАН, 2003. - 227-233: ил. - Библиогр. : с. 233 (7 назв.) . - ISBN 5-7691-1360-Х

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: Разработан общий метод введения изотопа 15N в положение один для 1,2,4-триазоло[1,5-a]пиримидинов и 1,2,4-триазоло[5.1-c][1,2,4]триазинов с использованием K15NO3. Изучены спектральные характеристики синтезированных изотопмеченых триазолоазинов

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   С 38


    Синтез и структура пиридоаннелированных 1,2,3,4-тетразин-1,3-диоксидов [] = Synthesis and structures of pyridoannelated 1,2,3,4-tetrazine 1,3-dioxides / В. А. Тартаковский, И. Е. Филатов, А. М. Чураков, С. Л. Иоффе, Ю. А. Стреленко, В. С. Кузьмин, Г. Л. Русинов, К. И. Пашкевич // Изв. АН. Сер. Химическая. - 2004. - N 11. - С. 2471-2477. - Библиогр. : с. 2477 (7 назв.) . - ISSN 0002-3353

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: Обработкой 2- и 4-амино-3-(трет-бутил-NN-азокси)пиридинов нитрующими агентами (N2O2, NO2BF4) получены первые представители пиридоаннелированных 1,2,3,4-тетразинди-N-оксидов: пиридо[2,3-е][1,2,3,4]тетразин-1,3-диоксид (9), 7-нитро-пиридо[2,3-е][1,2,3,4]тетразин-1,3-диоксид (10) и пиридо[3,4-е][1,2,3,4]тетразин-2,4-диоксид (11). Эти соединенияисследованы методами ЯМР 1H, 13C, 14N. Проведено рентгеноструктурное исследование комплекса соединения 10 с бензолом состава 1:1

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   C 78


    Copper and Copper Oxides Nanopowders in the Oxidative Condensations of Phenylacetylene and Tert-Butylacetylene [Electronic resource] / O. A. Kuznetsova, E. F. Khmara, V. I. Filyakova, M. A. Uimin, A. E. Ermakov, C. K. Rhee, V. N. Charushin // Russian Journal of General Chemistry. - 2007. - Vol. 77, № 3. - P404-408. - Библиогр. : с. 408 (12 назв.)

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: Transformations of phenylacetylene and tert-butylacetylene in the presence of copper and copper oxide (Cusub2/subO, CuO) nanopowders prepared by gas-phase condensation of copper in argon were studied. The reaction of phenylacetylene with copper oxide nanopowders having different phase compositions in the absence of a solvent at room temperature resulted in oxidative condensation of phenylacetylene and complex formation of the condensation product. The complex undergoes decomposition by the action of acids, bases, and compounds capable of forming complexes. According to the X-ray diffraction data, one of the products is a new “parquet” modification of diphenyldiacetylene. Under analogous conditions, tert-butylacetylene gave rise to a complex mixture of products among which di- tert-butyldiacetylene was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No copper complexes with the tert-butylacetylene condensation products were detected.

\\\\expert2\\nbo\\Russian Journal of General Chemistry\\2007, V. 77, N 3, p.404.pdf
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   S 98


    Synthesis and antiviral activity of 2-amino-3-ethoxycarbonylpyrazine derivatives [Electronic resource] / V. L. Rusinov [et al.] // Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal. - 2005. - Vol. 39, № 12. - P630-635. - Библиогр. : с. 635 (6 назв.)

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: A series of substituted 2-amino-3-ethoxycarbonylpyrazines containing indole, resorcinol, thiophenol, ethyl cyanoacetate, indandione, and antipyrine moieties was obtained via reactions of nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen in the initial 2-aminopyrazine-1-oxides. Some of the synthesized compounds inhibit the reproduction of measles viruses and exhibit a weak antiviral activity with respect to Marburg virus. However, most of the new substituted pyrazines are not cytotoxic and exhibit no activity against ortho-poxviruses and measles viruses.

\\\\Expert2\\nbo\\Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal\\2005, 39 (12), 630.pdf
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   К 82


    Кристаллическая структура N-(3-гидроксипропил)бета-аланина и бис(N-(3-гидроксипропил)-бета-аланинато)димеди(II)[Cu2(Pro-ala)2] [] / А. В. Пестов, П. А. Слепухин, М. А. Ежикова, М. И. Кодесс, Ю. Г. Ятлук // Журнал неорганической химии. - 2010. - Т. 55, № 2. - С. 236-243 : рис., табл. - Библиогр.: с. 243 (22 назв.) . - ISSN 0044-457X

УДК

Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: N-3(гидроксипропил)-бета-аланин синтезирован взаимодействием 3-аминопропанола с акриловой кислотой. Из полученного лиганда и основного карбоната меди получена бис(N-(3-гидроксипропил)-бета-аланинато)димель(II)[Cu2(C6H11NO3)2]. Методом РСА изучены структура хелатирующего агента и строение его медного комплекса. Координационный полиэдр иона Cu(II) - искаженная квадратная пирамида. Каждый лиганд образует шестичленные бета-аланинантное и пропаноламинное хелатные кольца. Пропоксигруппа выполняет роль мостика. В кристаллической структуре молекулы образуют межмолекулярные координационные связи C=O Cu, расположенные перпендикулярно формирующимся слоям. Сигнал ЭПР, характерный для димерных комплексов меди, не наблюдается из-за малой заселенности возбужденного парамагнитного триплетного состояния. Из полученных данных следует, что при растворении комплекс на 40% диссоциирует с образованием мономерных комплексов меди

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   T 44


    The synthesis of N-15 abeled 6-nitro-1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-7-one [Text] / O. N. Chupakhin, E. N. Ulomskii, S. L. Deev, V. L. Rusinov // Synthetic Communications. - 2001. - Vol. 31, № 15. - P2351-2355

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: A general method for inclusion of the 15N label into the position 1 of 6-nitro-1,2,4-triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-7-one by using K15NO3 has been developed.

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   C 74


    Complexation models of N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosans with copper(II) ions [Text] / Yu. A. Skorik, C. A. R. Gomes, N. V. Podberezskaya, G. V. Romanenko, L. F. Pinto, Yu. G. Yatluk // Biomacromolecules. - 2005. - Vol. 6, № 1. - P189-195 . - ISSN 1525-7797

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: The copper(II) complex formation equilibria of N-(2-carboxyethyl)chitosans with three different degrees of substitution (DS = 0.42, 0.92, and 1.61) were studied in aqueous solution by pH-potentiometric and UV-spectrophotometric techniques. It was demonstrated that the complexation model of CE-chitosans depends on DS: the [Cu(Glc-NR2)2] complexes are predominant for two lower substituted samples ("bridge model", log ?12 = 10.06 and 11.6, respectively), whereas the increase of DS leads to formation mainly of the [Cu(Glc-NR2)] complexes ("pendant model", log ?11 = 6.41). As a model for copper complexation with a disubstituted residue of CE-chitosan, the complex of N-methyliminodipropionate [CuMidp(H2O)]·(H2O) was synthesized and structurally characterized by XRD. The unit cell consists of two crystallographically nonequivalent Cu atoms having slightly distorted square pyramidal coordination; Midp constitutes the basal plane of the pyramid and acts as a tetradentate NO3 chelate-bridging ligand by the formation of two six-membered chelate rings (average Cu-O 1.99 A, Cu-N 2.04 A) and a bridge via carbonyl O atom (average Cu-O 1.99 A), an apical position is occupied by a water molecule (average Cu-Ow 2.30 A).

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10.

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   П 83


    Протолитические равновесия некоторых аннелированных азолоазинов [] / А. П. Воловоденко, Р. Е. Трифонов, П. В. Плеханов, Г. Л. Русинов, Д. Г. Береснев, В. А. Островский // Химия гетероциклических соединений. - 2000. - № 6 . - С. 816-824 : табл. - Библиогр.: с. 823 (34 назв.)

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
АННЕЛИРОВАННЫЕ АЗОЛОАЗИНЫ -- ОСНОВНОСТЬ -- ПРОТОНИЗАЦИЯ -- ПРОТОТРОПНАЯ ТАУТОМЕТРИЯ
Аннотация: Количественно исследована первичная и вторичная протонизация аннелированных азолоазинов - пиразоло[1,5-a]пиримидина (pKBH+ -0.04±0.02 pKBH2+ -8.00±0.10), 1,2,4-триазоло-[1,5-a]пиримидина (pKBH+ 0.21±0.03 pKBH2+ -9.00±0.09) и его 6R-производных (R=NO2, Br, Cl) в водных растворах. Изученные аннелированные азоло-азины являются более слабыми основаниями по сравнению с их неаннелированными аналогами. Согласно квантово-химическим расчетам (AMI), протонирование данных гетероциклов может проходить как по азольному, так и азиновому фрагментам молекулы.

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11.

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   B 62


    Bis[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-beta-alaninato]-copper(II) [Text] / A. V. Pestov, E. V. Peresypkina, A. V. Virovets, N. V. Podberezskaya, Yu. G. Yatluk, Yu. A. Skorik // Acta Crystallographica Section C: Crystal Structure Communications. - 2005. - Vol. 61, № 12. - Pm510-m512

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: The CuII ion in the title complex, [Cu(C5H 10NO3)2] or [Cu(He-ala)2] [He-ala = W-(2-hydroxyethyl)-?-alaninate], resides at the inversion centre of a square bipyramid comprised of two facially arranged tridentate He-ala ligands. Each He-ala ligand binds to a CuII ion by forming one six-membered ?-alaninate chelate ring in a twist conformation and one five-membered ethanolamine ring in an envelope conformation, with Cu-N = 2.017 (2) A, Cu-OCoo = 1.968 (1) A and Cu-OOH = 2.473 (2) A. The [Cu(He-ala)2] molecules are involved in a network of O-H?O and N-H?O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to the (101?) plane. The layers are connected into a three-dimensional structure by van der Waals interactions, so that the molecular centres form pseudo-face-centered close packing. © 2005 International Union of Crystallography????

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12.

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   N 64

    Nikitin, E. D.
    Critical temperatures and pressures of 12 phthalates using the pulse-heating method [Text] / E. D. Nikitin, A. P. Popov, Yu. G. Yatluk // Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. - 2006. - Vol. 51, № 4. - P1326-1330

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: The critical temperatures and pressures of phthalates with the straight side alkyl chains C6H4-1,2-[COO(CH2) nH]2 (n is from 1 to 11) as well as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate have been measured. No literature data are available for the critical properties of phthalates. Since phthalates decompose at temperatures well below their critical temperatures, the method of pulse heating of a wire probe immersed into the liquid under study has been used. The method minimizes the effect of thermal decomposition because residence times are only from (0.035 to 1) ms. The experimental critical properties of phthalates have been compared with the values calculated using the group-contribution methods by Constantinou and Gani and Marrero and Gani ??

\\\\Expert2\\nbo\\Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data\\2006, v.51, p.1326.pdf
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13.

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   I-69


    Interaction of fluoroalkyl-containing beta-diketones with amines [Electronic resource] / V. I. Filyakova, V. G. Ratner, N. S. Karpenko, K. I. Pashkevich // Russian Chemical Bulletin (Translation of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya). - 1996. - Vol. 45, № 9. - P2163-2168

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: The composition of products of the interaction of asymmetric fluoroalkyl-containing -diketones with amines was studied. Mixtures of regioisomeric -aminovinylketones and products of cleavage and secondary condensation are formed, depending on the temperature, the solvent, the nature of the fluorinated and nonfluorinated substituents in the -diketone, and the basicity of the amine. The major product is a -aminovinylketone in which the NH2 group is removed from the fluoroalkyl substituent. No -aminovinylimines, products of condensation involving two electrophilic centers, were observed

\\\\Expert2\\nbo\\Russian Chemical Bulletin\\1996, 45 (9), 2163.pdf
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14.

Инвентарный номер: нет.

   S 98


    Synthesis and structures of pyridoannelated 1,2,3,4-tetrazine 1,3-dioxides [Electronic resource] / V. A. Tartakovsky, I. E. Filatov, A. M. Churakov, S. L. Ioffe, Yu. A. Strelenko, V. S. Kuzmin, G. L. Rusinov, K. I. Pashkevich // Russian Chemical Bulletin (Translation of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya). - 2004. - Vol. 53, № 11. - P2577-2583

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: Treatment of 2- and 4-amino-3-(tert-butyl-NNO-azoxy)pyridines with nitrating agents (N2O5or NO2BF4) afforded the first representatives of pyridoannelated 1,2,3,4-tetrazine di-N-oxides, viz., pyrido[2,3-e][1,2,3,4]tetrazine 1,3-dioxide (9), 7-nitropyrido[2,3-e][1,2,3,4]tetrazine 1,3-dioxide (10), and pyrido[3,4-e][1,2,3,4]tetrazine 2,4-dioxide (11). These compounds were studied by 1H, 13C, and 14N NMR spectroscopy. The 1:1 complex of compound 10 with benzene was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis.

\\\\Expert2\\nbo\\Russian Chemical Bulletin\\2004, 53 (11), 2577.pdf
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15.

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   S 98


    Synthesis of (2s,4s)-4-phenylamino-5-oxoproline derivatives [Text] / I. A. Nizova, V. P. Krasnov, G. L. Levit, M. I. Kodess // Amino Acids. - 2002. - Vol. 22, № 2. - P179-186. - Bibliogr. : p. 186 (5 ref.)

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
AMIDES -- PEPTIDES -- AMINO ACIDS -- PYROGLUTAMIC ACID -- NMR SPECTROSCOPY -- PROTECTING GROUPS
Аннотация: The paper describes the synthesis of (2S,4S)-4-(N-Ts)- and (2S,4S)-4-(N-Boc)-phenylamino-5-oxoprolines (pyroglutamic acid). These derivatives have been shown to be useful for synthesis of their amides and peptides in spite of steric hindrances caused by bulky groups adjacent to the reaction centre. Under the conditions applied no lactam ring opening and no loss of stereochemical integrity of any of the chiral centres were observed, which has been confirmed by NMR techniques.

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16.

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   S 90


    Study of the inf luence of the alkyl ester group in (S)-valinates on diastereoselectivity of their condensation with N-acetylphenylalanine by the mixed anhydride method [Electronic resource] / E. A. Zhdanova, N. Z. Solieva, L. Sh. Sadretdinova, M. A. Ezhikova, M. I. Kodess, V. P. Krasnov // Russian Chemical Bulletin (Translation of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya). - 2006. - Vol. 55, № 5. - P925-927. - Bibliogr. : p. 927 (15 ref.)

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
5(4H)-OXAZOLONES -- AMINO ACIDS -- DIASTEREOSELECTIVITY -- DIPEPTIDES -- DYNAMIC KINETIC RESOLUTION -- RACEMIZATION
Аннотация: The dynamic kinetic resolution in the synthesis of alkyl N-acetylphenylalanyl (S)-valinates was studied by the mixed anhydride method. The structure of the ester group of the amino component appeared to exert no substantial effect on the diastereoselectivity of the reaction.

\\\\Expert2\\nbo\\Russian Chemical Bulletin\\2006, 55 (5), 925.pdf
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17.

Инвентарный номер: нет.

   S 98


    Synthesis, structures, and magnetic properties of crystals of dinuclear copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with 3-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-R-1,2,4,5-tetrazines [Electronic resource] / E. V. Cherdantseva, D. V. Starichenko, P. A. Slepukhin, R. I. Ishmetova, Yu. N. Shvachko, A. V. Korolev, G. L. Rusinov, V. V. Ustinov, A. I. Matern, V. N. Charushin // Russian Chemical Bulletin (Translation of Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya). - 2010. - Vol. 59, № 4. - P717-723

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
DINUCLEAR COMPLEXES -- SPIN MAGNETISM -- TETRAZINES
Аннотация: Dinuclear complexes of CuII with 3-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-(2-hydroxyethylami-no)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (1) and CoII with 3-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)-1,2,4,5- tetrazine (2) were synthesized and structurally characterized, and the magnetic (SQUID) and resonance (EPR) properties of van der Waals crystals based on these complexes were studied. Unusual behavior of the effective magnetic moment ?eff(T) is observed at T < 60 K. A nonmonotonic increase in eff() for 1 (s~6 %) and a 20% reduction of eff for 2 have a common origin and are due to the influence of spin-orbital coupling on the character of the splitting between the t2g and eg levels of the central ion. Distortions of the coordination site “switch on” a positive (1) or negative (2) contribution of the orbital magnetic moment near 6 K. Irreversible temperature behavior of eff(T) in the heating and cooling regimes in the vicinity of 60 K suggests that the character of structural distortions and the magnetic properties are related to ligand geometry. This factor plays a significant role in crystal engineering of magnetoactive structures with polynitrogen ligands

\\\\Expert2\\nbo\\Russian Chemical Bulletin\\2010, 59 (4), 717-723.pdf
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18.

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   C 91


    Crystal structure of N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-beta-alanine and Bis(N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-beta-alaninato)dicopper(II) [Cu2 (Pro-ala)2] [Electronic resource] / A. V. Pestov, P. A. Slepukhin, L. S. Molochnikov, M. A. Ezhikova, M. I. Kodess, Yu. G. Yatluk // Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii). - 2010. - Vol. 55, № 2. - P201-208

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: N-(3-Hydroxypropyl)-beta-alanine was synthesized by the reacti on of 3-aminopropanol with acrylic acid. From this ligand and basic copper carbonate, bis(N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-beta-alaninato)dicopper(II) [Cu2 (C6H11NO3)2] was obtained. The structures of the chelating agent and the copper complex were studied by X-ray diffraction. The Cu(II) coordination polyhedron is a distorted square pyramid. Each ligand forms six-membered ?-alaninate and propanolamine chelate rings. The propoxy group functions as a bridge. In the crystal structure, the molecules form intermolecular coordination bonds C=OCu, which are perpendicular to the layers. The EPR signal typical of dimeric copper complexes is not observed due to low occupancy of the excited paramagnetic triplet state. The weak paramagnetic signal from monomeric copper complex allowed recording of the 1H NMR spectrum of [Cu2 (Pro-ala) 2] with characteristic line broadening and contact shift. It follows from the obtained data that on dissolution, the complex dissociates by 40% to give monomeric copper complexes

\\\\Expert2\\nbo\\Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry\\2010, v. 55, N 2, с.201.pdf
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19.

Инвентарный номер: нет.

   S 91


    Substituent effect on the stereoselectivity of acylation of racemic heterocyclic amines with N-phthaloyl-3-aryl-(S)-alanyl chlorides [Text] / G. L. Levit, D. A. Gruzdev, V. P. Krasnov, E. N. Chulakov, L. Sh. Sadretdinova, M. A. Ezhikova, M. I. Kodess, V. N. Charushin // Tetrahedron: Asymmetry . - 2011. - Vol. 22, № 2. - P185-189. - Bibliogr. : p. 189 (17ref.)

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Аннотация: The acylative kinetic resolution of racemic 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline and 2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-4H-1,4-benzoxazine using acyl chlorides of N-phthaloyl-(S)-phenylalanine, N-phthaloyl-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-(S)-alanine and N-phthaloyl-O-methyl-(S)-tyrosine as chiral resolving agents has been carried out. It is shown that the effectiveness of an acylative kinetic resolution depends on the electronic effects of substituents in the phenyl fragment of the acylating agent and increases as the electron-donating properties of the para-substituent (OMe H NO2) in phenyl fragment of N-phthaloyl-3-aryl-(S)-alanyl chlorides increase; conducting the process at a reduced temperature also contributes to an enhancement of the kinetic resolution

\\\\Expert2\\nbo\\Tetrahedron Asymmetry\\2011, v. 22, p.185.pdf
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20.

Инвентарный номер: нет.

   C 21


    Carboxyalkylation of chitosan in the gel state / Yu. A. Skorik, A. V. Pestov, M. I. Kodess, Yu. G. Yatluk // Carbohydrate Polymers. - 2012. - Vol. 90, № 2. - С. 1176-1181

ББК 54
Рубрики: ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Кл.слова (ненормированные):
CHITOSAN -- CHEMICAL MODIFICATION -- GEL TECHNIQUE
Аннотация: This study presents a new approach for direct carboxyalkylation of chitosan in the gel state by using aza-Michael addition and substitution reactions. Various reagents were applied including acrylic and crotonic acids, and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilon-halocarboxylic acids. The reaction of chitosan with gamma- and delta-halocarboxylic acids showed no target product formation either in solution or in the gel state. In the case of acrylic, crotonic, alpha- and beta-halocarboxylic acids, the reaction performed in the gel state (concentration of chitosan 20-40%) shows higher degree of substitution at lower reaction time and temperature than in diluted solutions (concentration of chitosan 0.5-2%). The results were discussed in terms of kinetics of the target and side reactions. H-1 and C-13 NMR confirmed that in all cases the carboxyalkylation of chitosan proceeds exclusively at the amino groups

\\\\Expert2\\nbo\\Carbohydrate Polymers\\2012, v. 90, p.1176.pdf
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