E 70 Ermakov, G. V. Problem of Cooling and Solidification of Glass [] / G. V. Ermakov, G. V. Kupfer // Glass and Ceramics. - 1978. - V.35, Is.7. - С. 383-386 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): GLASS \\\\Cserver\\dist\\НБО\\Электронная библиотека_Библиогр1\\Glass and Ceramics\\1978, v. 35, N. 7, p.383.pdf |
D 67 Dmitrin, V. I. Experimental investigations of a closed-loop oscillating heat pipe / V. I. Dmitrin, Yu. F. Maydanik // High Temperature. - 2007. - Vol. 45, № 5. - С. 703-707. - Bibliogr : с. 707 (6 ref.) Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): ZONES OF HEATING -- HEAT TRANSPORT -- SIMULTANEOUS DECREASE Аннотация: Results are given of experimental investigations of an oscillating heat pipe (OHP) made in the form of a closed-loop coil of a copper capillary tube with an inside diameter of 2 mm, 4.5 m long, and filled with water in an amount of 50% of internal volume. The starting characteristics of OHP are studied in the range of heat loads from 30 to 100 W under conditions of cooling by way of natural and forced air convection. The pattern of temperature pulsations in the zones of heating, heat transport, and cooling is investigated. It is found that temperature pulsations exhibit a chaotic pattern. In cooling of an OHP by way of natural convection, the increase in heat load is accompanied by an increase in the maximal temperature of the heating zone with a simultaneous decrease in the nonuniformity of the temperature field. When an OHP is cooled by way of forced convection, a decrease in the maximal temperature of the heating zone is observed; however, this is accompanied by an increase in the amplitude of temperature pulsations and in the nonuniformity of the temperature field \\\\Expert2\\NBO\\High Temperature\\2007, v. 45, p.703.pdf |
M 73 Miniature loop heat pipes for electronics cooling / V. G. Pastukhov, Yu. F. Maydanik, S. V. Vershinin, M. A. Korukov // Applied Thermal Engineering : 12th International Heat Pipe Conference Location, Russia, 19-24 may 2002 . - 2003. - Vol.23, № 9. - С. 1125-1135 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): MINIATURE LOOP HEAT PIPE -- CPU -- THERMAL RESISTANCE Аннотация: The paper is devoted to the development of miniature loop heat pipes (mLHPs) with a nominal capacity of 25-30 W and a heat-transfer distance up to 250 mm intended for cooling electronics components and CPU of mobile PC. It gives the results of investigating several prototypes of mLHPs incorporated into remote heat exchanger (RHE) systems in different conditions. It has been established that in the nominal range of heat loads orientation does not practically affect the mLHPs operating characteristics. Under air cooling the total thermal resistance of such a system is 1.7-4.0degreesC/W and depends strongly on the cooling conditions and the radiator efficiency. In this case the mLHP's own thermal resistance is in the limits from 0.3 to 1.2degreesC/W, and the maximum capacity reaches 80-120 BT. The obtained results make it possible to regard mLHPs as quite promising devices for RHE systems providing thermal regimes for electronics components and personal computers. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved |
M 19 Maydanik, Yu. F. Loop heat pipes / Yu. F. Maydanik // Applied Thermal Engineering. - 2005. - Vol.25, №5-6. - С. 635-657 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): HEAT-TRANSFER DEVICE -- LOOP HEAT PIPES -- COOLING Аннотация: Loop heat pipes (LHPs) are two-phase heat-transfer devices with capillary pumping of a working fluid. They possess all the main advantages of conventional heat pipes, but owing to the original design and special properties of the capillary structure are capable of transferring heat efficiency for distances up to several meters at any orientation in the gravity field, or to several tens of meters in a horizontal position. Besides, the LHP conception allows a wide variety of different design embodiments, which essentially extends the sphere of functional possibilities and practical application of these devices. The paper is a review of developments, results of theoretical analysis and tests of LHPs performed at the Institute of Thermal Physics and some other organizations. It gives examples of successful application of these highly efficient devices in space technology and electronics |
P 31 Pastukhov, V. G. Development and investigation of a cooler for electronics on the basis of two-phase loop thermosyphons / V. G. Pastukhov, Yu. F. Maydanik, V. I. Dmitrin // Heat Pipe Science and Technology, An International Journal , vol. - Vol.1, №1. - С. 47-57 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): LOOP THERMOSYPHON -- EVAPORATOR -- CAPILLARY STRUCTURE, Аннотация: The objective of this work was to develop a device for cooling electronic elements with a heat power up to 30 W by its rejection and dissipation in the ambient by free air convection. The device specification assigned the temperature range of the ambient conditions from −40 to +105° C and the available space of 30(W) × 120(H) × 200(L) mm. As a result a hybrid scheme based on a loop thermosyphon was proposed, where the evaporator embodied the capillary structure. In such a scheme, the return working fluid flow was ensured by the combined action of the gravity and capillary forces. Several prototypes with different loop and evaporator designs were tested in laboratory conditions. Water and heptane were used as working fluids. The experiments showed that the role of the capillary structure locally placed in the evaporator can be efficiently implemented by both highly porous cellular materials and capillary grooves made on the evaporating surface. It is also shown that heptane can be effectively used as a working fluid which is appropriate for the temperature range requirements. At the same time the device has good mass-and-size characteristics and total thermal resistance under a nominal heat load of about 1.7° C/W |
L 88 Loop Heat Pipes for Cooling Systems of Servers / Yu. F. Maydanik, S. V. Vershinin, V. G. Pastukhov, S. Fried // IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies. - 2010. - Vol.33, №2. - С. 416-423 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): HEAT-TRANSFER DEVICE -- LHPs -- OPTERON CPUs Аннотация: Loop heat pipes (LHPs) are exceptionally efficient heat-transfer devices that employ a closed loop evaporation-condensation cycle that can be used to cool densely packed electronic systems that reject large quantities of heat, including computers and their central processing units (CPUs). Tests were carried out on miniature ammonia LHPs with a CPU thermal simulator using different ways of condenser cooling. The possibility of maintaining the cooled object temperatures between 40°C and 70°C with heat load changing from 100 to 320 W was demonstrated. Subsequent tests of these devices in a 1U computer with dual core advanced micro devices Opteron CPUs, dissipating between 95 and 120 W, have confirmed the advantages and heat transfer efficiency of LHP-based cooling systems used to cool CPU in 1U chassis |
I-70 Investigation of a compact copper–water loop heap pipe with a flat evaporator / Yu. F. Maydanik, S. V. Vershinin, M. Chernysheva, S. Yushakova // Applied Thermal Engineering. - 2011. - Vol.31, №16. - С. 3533-3541. - Библиогр.: с. 3541 (22 ref.) Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): ELECTRONICS COOLING -- LOOP HEAT PIPE -- FLAT–OVAL EVAPORATOR Аннотация: A compact copper–water loop heat pipe (LHP) with an effective length of 310 mm equipped with a flat–oval evaporator measuring 80 (L) × 42 (W) × 7 (H) has been tested. The vapor line and the condenser had the same internal diameter of 5.4 mm. The internal diameter of the liquid line was 3.4 mm. Tests were conducted with a heat source which had a heating surface of 30 mm × 30 mm. The condenser was cooled by running water with a temperature of 20 °C. In the horizontal position the device has exhibited serviceability in the heat load range from 5 W to 1200 W at vapor temperatures from 26.5 °C to 103.4 °C. The maximum capacity was achieved at a heat source temperature of 143.5 °C, when the LHP thermal resistance was equal to 0.044 °C/W. The corresponding values of thermal resistance for the evaporator and the condenser were at a level of 0.006 °C/W and 0.038 °C/W. A minimum thermal resistance of 0.097 °C/W for the “heat source–LHP–cooling water” system was obtained at a heat load of about 700 W, at which the temperature of the heat source was 87 °C \\\\expert2\\NBO\\Applied Thermal Engineering\\2011, v. 31, p.3533.pdf |
P 30 Passive cooling system for an aircraft electronic box / Yu. F. Maydanik, S. V. Vershinin, V. G. Pastukhov, M. Chernysheva, C. Sarno, C. Tantolin // Heat Pipe Science and Technology, An International Journal , vol. - 2010. - Vol.1, №3. - С. 251-260 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): AIRCRAFTS -- LOOP HEAT PIPE -- ELECTRONIC BOX -- PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM Аннотация: The paper represents the results of development and thermal tests of a cooling system of a seat electronic box, managing the in-flight entertainment system used aboard commercial aircrafts. The system is completely passive and consists of two conventional copper-water miniature heat pipes and two miniature loop heat pipes with R-141b as a working fluid. Two crossbeams of a passenger seat made of aluminum alloy cooled by means of free air convection were used as heat sinks. At the maximum heat load of 100 W the cooling system provides a temperature of a cooled object at a level of not above 81°C at the ambient temperature of 22°C, which is 4°C below that of the maximum specified temperature |
M 73 Miniature loop heat pipes-a promising means for cooling electronics / Yu. F. Maydanik, S. V. Vershinin, M. A. Korukov, J. M. Ochterbeck // IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies. - 2005. - Vol.28, №2. - С. 290-296 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): LOOP HEAT PIPES -- HEAT-TRANSFER DEVICE -- MINIATURE LOOP HEAT PIPE Аннотация: Loop heat pipes (LHPs) are highly efficient heat-transfer devices, which have considerable advantages over conventional heat pipes. Currently, miniature LHPs (MLHPs) with masses ranging from 10-20 g and ammonia and water as working fluids have been developed and tested. The MLHPs are capable of transferring heat loads of 100-200 W for distances up to 300 mm in the temperature range 50-100°C at any orientation in 1-g conditions. The thermal resistance for these conditions are in the range from 0.1 to 0.2 K/W. The devices possess mechanical flexibility and are adaptable to different conditions of location and operation. Such characteristics of MLHPs open numerous prospects for use in cooling systems of electronics and computer systems |
S 82 Steady-state and transient performance of a miniature loop heat pipe / Chen. Yuming, M. Groll, R. Mertz, Yu. F. Maydanik // International Journal of Thermal Science. - 2006. - Vol.45. - С. 1084-1090 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): LOOP HEAT PIPES -- HEAT TRAHSFER -- ELECTRONICS COOLING Аннотация: A series of tests have been carried out with a miniature loop heat pipe (mLHP), which has been developed for consumer electronics cooling, for horizontal and four vertical orientations under different sink temperatures. The mLHP has a cylindrical evaporator of 5 mm outer diameter and 29 mm length. The steady-state operating characteristics are similar for different orientations except for the orientation where the evaporator is above the compensation chamber. At an evaporator temperature of 75 °C, an evaporator heat load up to 70 W can be reached with thermal resistance of about 0.2 °C/W. The transient behavior of the mLHP is studied in detail. In general, the mLHP can be started up with very low power input (5 W). Big temperature oscillations in the liquid line were found in many cases, however, the temperature oscillations in the evaporator are minimum. The orientations greatly influence the operating characteristics of the mLHP. At least for the horizontal orientation, the overall performance of the tested mLHP is satisfying |
A 10 A method of controlled pulse heating: Applications / P. V. Skripov, A. A. Smotritskiy, A. A. Starostin, A. V. Shishkin // Journal of Engineering Thermophysics. - 2007. - Vol.16, №3. - С. 155-163 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES -- THERMAL STABILIZATION -- HIGH-MOLECULAR FLUIDS Аннотация: This paper is devoted to the state-of-the-art and technical potentials of the pulse heating method for the thin wire probe created in the Ural thermophysical school for studying the kinetics of spontaneous boiling and the related phenomenon of liquid attainable superheating. Special attention is paid to the search for technical means for controlling the power of the probe heating in a pulse experiment with the thermophysical properties of the substance taken into account. Applications of three particular cases are considered: techniques for the constant heating power, the thermal stabilization of the pulse-heated probe, and cooling of the shock-heated probe for investigating the behavior of multicomponent and high-molecular fluids essentially superheated above the temperature of phase equilibrium and/or temperature of molecule thermodestruction in a quasi-static process. Opportunities for application of the method are presented, in particular, for fast detection of volatile admixtures (including their traces) in high-molecular fluids, e.g., in oils of power equipment |
P 31 Pastukhov, V. G. Low-noise cooling system for PC on the base of loop heat pipes / V. G. Pastukhov, Yu. F. Maydanik // Applied Thermal Engineering. - 2007. - Vol.27, №5-6. - С. 894-901 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): COMPUTER COOLING -- LOOP HEAT PIPE -- PASSIVE CPU COOLING SYSTEM Аннотация: The problem of current importance connected with a wide use of personal computers (PC) and a rapid growth of their performance is a decrease in the noise level created at the operation of cooling system fans. One of the possible ways of solving this problem may be the creation of passive or semi-passive systems on the base of loop heat pipes (LHPs) in which the heat sink is an external radiator cooled by natural and/or forced air convection. The paper presents the results of development and tests of several variants of such systems, which are capable of sustaining an operating temperature of 72–78 °C on the heat source thermal interface which dissipates 100 W at an ambient temperature of 22 °C. It is also shown that the use of additional means of active cooling in combination with LHPs allows to increase the value of dissipated heat up to 180 W and to decrease the system thermal resistance down to 0.29 °C/W |
M 43 Maydanik, Yu. F. Development and tests of ammonia Miniature Loop Heat Pipes with cylindrical evaporators / Yu. F. Maydanik, S. V. Vershinin // Applied Thermal Engineering. - 2009. - Vol.29, №11-12. - С. 2297-2301 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): LOOP HEAT PIPE -- EVAPORATOR -- CONDENSER Аннотация: Miniature Loop Heat Pipes (MLHPs) are an attractive object for development and investigation as quite a promising means for cooling powerful electronics operating in the temperature range from 50 to 100 °C. The paper generalizes and presents the results of development and tests of 15 different variants of ammonia MLHPs with cylindrical evaporators 5 and 6 mm in diameter, which have an active zone length of 20 mm and are equipped with titanium and nickel wicks. As a result of successive efforts aimed at increasing the MLHPs efficiency, it was possible to achieve values of the heat-transfer coefficient close to 162,000 W/m2 °C at a value of the heat flux of about 100 × 104 W/m2. A maximum heat flux value of about 135 × 104 W/m2 was achieved at the heat-transfer coefficient equal approximately to 75,000 W/m2 °C |
M 43 Maydanik, Yu. F. Compact cooler for electronics on the basis of a pulsating heat pipe / Yu. F. Maydanik, V. I. Dmitrin, V. G. Pastukhov // Applied Thermal Engineering. - 2009. - Vol.29, №17-18. - С. 3511-3517 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): PULSATING HEAT PIPE -- ELECTRONICS COOLING -- HEAT LOAD Аннотация: The paper presents the results of developing and investigating a compact cooler for electronics made on the basis of a closed loop pulsating heat pipe (CLPHP). The cooler is made of a copper tube 5.6 m long with OD of 2 mm and ID of 1.2 mm in the form a 3D spiral containing 17 turns. The device is equipped with a light copper radiator with a finning area of 1670 cm2, which was blown by an axial fan located inside the spiral. The thermal interface of the cooler situated in the heating zone is made of a copper plate with a thermocontact surface measuring 40 × 35 mm, which was in thermal contact with all the turns of the device. The cooler overall dimensions are 105 × 100 × 60 mm, its mass is 350 g. The operation of the cooler has been investigated with water, methanol and R141b as working fluids at a uniform and concentrated supply of a heat load in different heating modes. A reliable operation of the device has been demonstrated in the range of heat loads from 5 to 250 W. A minimum thermal resistance “heat source–ambient air” equal to 0.32 °C/W was attained with water and methanol as working fluids at a uniform heat load of 250 W. With a heat load concentrated on a section of the thermal interface limited by an area of 1 cm2, a minimum value of thermal resistance equal to 0.62 °C/W was attained at a heat load of 125 W when methanol was used as a working fluid |
P 31 Pastukhov, V. G. Active coolers based on copper–water LHPs for desktop PC / V. G. Pastukhov, Yu. F. Maydanik // Applied Thermal Engineering. - 2009. - Vol.29, №14-15. - С. 3140-3143 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): LOOP HEAT PIPE -- COOLER -- THERMAL RESISTANCE Аннотация: The paper is devoted to the development of active coolers for central processing units (CPU) of desktop computers on the basis of copper–water loop heat pipes (LHP). It presents descriptions of designs and test results for two cooler models containing flat evaporators and condensers of the collector type equipped with a heat sink (radiator). Heat was removed from the radiators by forced convection. It is shown that the maximum heat-transfer capacity of the coolers was 500–600 W. Minimum values of the total thermal resistance of the coolers were equal to 0.15–0.17 °С/W at heat loads of 500 and 250 W, respectively. On the basis of an analysis of distribution of local thermal resistances it has been concluded that additional decrease in the thermal resistance required for cooling a CPU with a generated thermal capacity in excess of 150 W can be achieved at the cost of optimization of radiator design and (or) an increase in the intensity of its cooling |
C 51 Chernysheva, M. A. Heat transfer during condensation of moving steam in a narrow channel / M. A. Chernysheva, S. V. Vershinin, Yu. F. Maydanik // International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. - 2009. - Vol.52, №11-12. - С. 2437-2443 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): INTUBE CONDENSATION -- TWO-PHASE FLOW -- LOOP HEAT PIPE Аннотация: The paper presents the results of experimental investigation of heat transfer and hydrodynamics during condensation of moving steam in a narrow channel of square cross-section 2 mm × 2 mm. The channel had a serpentine shape, the channel length was 660 mm. An experimental cell simulated conditions of heat transfer in the condenser of loop heat pipes. The steam velocity at the channel inlet ranged from 13 to 52 m/s, the pressure was 1 atm. The temperature of the cooling water varied from 70 to 95 °C. The annular flow pattern was noted in the whole range of the regime parameters. There was a clear boundary between the condensation zone and the zone occupied by the condensed phase downstream. Temperature has measured along the channel, and the heat-transfer coefficients have been determined. The coefficient values varied from 10,000 to 55,000 W/K m2 depending on the steam velocity at the channel inlet and the cooling temperature. The efficiency of the condenser – heat exchanger has been investigated |
B 27 Bartuli, E. Visual and instrumental investigations of a copper-water loop heat pipe [Электронный ресурс] / E. Bartuli, S. V. Vershinin, Yu. F. Maydanik // International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. - 2013. - Vol.61, №1. - P35-40 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): CONDENSATION -- COPPER-WATER LOOP HEAT PIPE -- FLAT GAP CONDENSER Аннотация: Visual and instrumental investigations of the processes of condensation and redistribution of a working fluid in a loop heat pipe have been carried out. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the heat transfer and hydrodynamics during the condensation of water vapor in a flat gap condenser measuring 80 × 40 × 1 mm. Investigations have been conducted at a condenser cooling temperature of 20, 40 and 60 °. During all operating modes a stratified two-phase flow and film condensation have been observed. The temperature field in the condenser has been measured, and the heat-transfer coefficients and the thermal resistances have been determined |
L 88 Loop thermosyphon thermal management of the avionics of an in-flight entertainment system [Электронный ресурс] / C. Sarno, C. Tantolin, R. Hodot, Yu. F. Maydanik, S. V. Vershinin // Applied Thermal Engineering. - 2013. - Vol.51, №1-2. - P764-769 Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): AVIONICS -- COOLING SYSTEM -- LOOP THERMOSYPHON Аннотация: A new generation of in-flight entertainment systems (IFEs) used on board commercial aircrafts is required to provide more and more services (audio, video, internet, multimedia, phone, etc.). But, unlike other avionics systems most of the IFE equipment and boxes are installed inside the cabin and they are not connected to the aircraft cooling system. The most critical equipment of the IFE system is a seat electronic box (SEB) installed under each passenger seat. Fans are necessary to face the increasing power dissipation. But this traditional approach has some drawbacks: extra cost multiplied by the seat number, reliability and maintenance. The objective of this work is to develop and evaluate an alternative completely passive cooling system (PCS) based on a two-phase technology including heat pipes and loop thermosyphons (LTSs) adequately integrated inside the seat structure and using the benefit of the seat frame as a heat sink. Previous works have been performed to evaluate these passive cooling systems which were based on loop heat pipe. This paper presents results of thermal tests of a passive cooling system of the SEB consisting of two LTSs and R141b as a working fluid. These tests have been carried out at different tilt angles and heat loads from 10 to 100 W. It has been shown that the cooled object temperature does not exceed the maximum given value in the range of tilt angles ±20° which is more wider than the range which is typical for ordinary evolution of passenger aircrafts |
M 43 Maydanik, Yu. F. Investigation of thermal characteristics of high-capacity loop heat pipes after a long-term storage [Electronic resource] / Yu. F. Maydanik, M. A. Chernysheva, V. G. Pastukhov // Energy . - 2014. - Article in press Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): CAPACITY -- HEAT-TRANSFER SYSTEMS -- CAPILLARY STRUCTURE, Аннотация: Repeat thermal tests of two high-capacity LHPs (loop heat pipes) have been conducted after their long-term storage under normal conditions. The first of them 1820 mm long with a capacity of 1200 W and water as a working fluid was made and first tested in 1985. The other device with a length of 2750 mm and a capacity of 800 W, which consisted of two ammonia LHPs joined in series, was made and tested for the first time in 1988. Both the devices were made of stainless steel and equipped with a titanium and nickel capillary structures. The tests, which were conducted in conditions similar to the initial ones, have shown that a long-term storage has not had any considerable impact on the LHP thermal characteristics. Such devices may be used in systems of utilization of low-potential heat and solar energy, and also for heating and cooling various objects \\\\expert2\\nbo\\Energy\\2014, v. 74, p. 804-809.pdf |
C 51 Chernysheva, M. A. Copper-water loop heat pipes for energy-efficient cooling systems of supercomputers / M. A. Chernysheva, S. Yushakova, Yu. F. Maydanik // Energy . - 2014. - С. 534-542. - Bibliogr. : p. 542 (16 ref.) Рубрики: ФИЗИКА Кл.слова (ненормированные): COOLING SYSTEM -- OPERATING TEMPERATURE -- LOOP HEAT PIPE Аннотация: An implementation of a cooling system with a loop heat pipe for thermal control of supercomputers is considered. For this purpose two copper-water loop heat pipes (LHPs) with an effective length of 400mm and ID/OD diameters of the vapor lines of 3/4 and 4/5mm correspondingly were designed and tested. The LHPs were equipped with a flat-oval evaporator with one-sided heat supply. The evaporator had a thickness of 7mm, a length (including the compensation chamber) of 80mm and a width of 42mm. The influence of the cooling temperature of the condenser on the LHP operating characteristics was the central issue of this research. Tests were conducted in the range of the cooling temperature from 20 to 80°C. The heat load supplied to the evaporator was varied from 20 to 600W. A mathematical model for prediction of the LHP's operating temperature has been developed. It takes into consideration three operating modes of a loop heat pipe. Modeling results and their analysis are presented \\\\expert2\\nbo\\Energy\\2014, v. 69, p. 534-542.pdf |