We investigated the impact of bacterial regulators homoserine lactones (HSLs) and alkylhydroxybenzenes (AHBs) (which are present in human fluids at pico- and nanomolar concentrations) on neutrophile oxidative metabolism. The HSL and AHB effects were determined using a test based on induced luminol-dependent chemoluminescence of neutrophiles in human peripheral blood. In this test, neutrophiles were preincubated with chemical analogs of bacterial autoregulators with different lengths of the hydrocarbon radical, such as HSL · HCl, C6- and C12-HSL, and C1-, C6-, and C12-AHB. We revealed that they suppressed the chemoluminescence and, accordingly, the oxidative metabolism of neutrophiles. This effect was more significant with HSLs than with AHBs. Within each of the two groups, the effect increased with an increase in the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the homologues. High concentrations of long-chain autoregulators of both types produce a cytotoxic effect that is associated with apoptosis in the case of C12-HSL and with cell membrane damage in the case of C12-AHB. The effects of low HSL and AHB concentrations involve their protein-modifying properties and result in changes in the activities of neutrophile oxidative enzymes. To a lesser extent, these effects are due to the pro- and antioxidant activities of HSLs and AHBs, respectively. In light of the results obtained, the HSL and AHB effects are to be considered as a novel mechanism of regulating the activities of cell effectors of natural innate immunity. In symbiotic and parasitic systems, the mechanism involves the bimodal pattern of the effects of HSLs and AHBs that vary depending on their structure and concentrations.