The aim of this investigation is to elucidate regularities of the erythrocytes lipid component response to the action on the organism at the low intensity factors of the different nature (the radiation at the low doses, the chemical toxicants, the biologically active substances), as well as to assess a possibility of applying parameters of lipids as criteria for estimating both the biological consequences of a damaging factor and the effectiveness of the biologically active preparations. It has been shown that the blood erythrocyte lipids drastically changes upon influence on the organism of the studied factors. The observed changes of the lipid peroxidation regulatory system parameters mainly have a similar character due to the intensification of the lipid peroxidation processes and the activation of the endogenous phospholipases. Reorganization of the lipid component aimed at preserving a membrane phase state and its functional activity sometimes make it possible to compensate a negative effect of the low intensity ionizing irradiation and chemical compounds at the low doses. The data obtained and analysis of the literature allows us to conclude that the blood erythrocyte lipids are the convenient model not only for estimation of consequences of the unfavorable ecological factors but also for carrying out a radio-ecological monitoring.