Glycolipid biosurfactant (GLB) from Rhodococcus ruber IEGM 231 was found to stimulate tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) -1β and IL-6 production when applied as an ultrasonic emulsion to the adherent human peripheral blood monocyte culture. However, a lack of cytokine-stimulating activity was registered with the GLB applied as a hydrophobic film coating in 24-well culture plates, indicating that it may have been due to its inhibitory effect on monocyte adhesion. The mode of GLB application may therefore play an important role in in vitro assay of immunostimulatory activity of this compound as well as other bacterial glycolipids. Additionally, GLB from R. ruber displayed no cytotoxicity against human lymphocytes and therefore could be proposed as a potential immunomodulating and antitumor ag