This article analyzes comparative advantages of Russia in the international trade and defines the directions in which Russia has prospects for the development of comparative advantages. The paper describes method of studying and evaluation of revealed comparative advantages, analyzes prospects for the trade relations in the context of Russia’s WTO accession, also provides an empirical analysis of the revealed comparative advantages of Russia and estimation of the index of potential comparative advantages for the assessment of trade specialization. The results can be used in the concept of international trade relations development and in identification of the main directions of diversification of Russian exports industrial structure.